However, the lithium storage mechanism in hard carbon at low temperature remains unclear with no consensus. Herein, the evolution of lithium storage mechanism in hard carbon synthesized over a wide pyrolysis temperature range of 800–1100 °C is investigated.
Tin (Sn), with a theoretical capacity of 994 mAh g-1, is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, fundamental limitations like large volume expansion during charge-discharge cycle and confined electronic conductivity limit its practical utility.
Among these materials, hard carbon with amorphous structure and large interlayer distance is supposed to be as the promising anode for low temperature lithium-ion batteries. Our previous work has been proved that hard carbon exhibits high pseudo-capacitive contribution and excellent low temperature electrochemical performance .
This is ascribed to the traditional graphite anode mainly achieve lithium storage via intercalation mechanisms, which has significant limitations in low temperature environments [9, 10, 11, 12]. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the suitable lithium storage mechanism for lithium-ion batteries in low-temperature environments.
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