If the grid voltage or grid frequency exceeds the thresholds specified by the grid operator, the grid-tied inverters must stop to feed in alternating current and disconnect from the utility grid in accordance with local standards and directives. Inverters are also able to modulate their output power to support the utility grid interactively.
Grid-connected inverters are mainly divided into GFLIs and GFMIs. GFLIs rely on a stable voltage and frequency provided by the external grid as a reference, synchronising with the grid voltage through techniques such as phase-locked loops (PLLs) (Zhu, D. et al., 2020).
Traditionally, grid-following inverters (GFLIs) highly rely on the main grid''s voltage and frequency signal as a reference to inject power to grid, and they only work well in the case of grid stability which is always called strong grid.
Based on the power quality requirement that the grid voltage frequency variation should not be greater than 1 % and the voltage amplitude variation should not be greater than 5 %, the minimum permissible angular frequency of the inverter output is 310.86 rad/s and the minimum voltage amplitude is 295.45 V.
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