Conclusions The paper investigated the solar inverter dynamics with a focus on the negative-sequence current during the grid restoration period and their impact on protection schemes by using RTDS-based electromagnetic transient simulations with detailed inverter models that consider switching dynamics and inverter blocking and deblocking modes.
Nevertheless, due to the high magnitude of the negative-sequence current injection from solar inverters during the grid restoration period, the negative-sequence current may be also larger than the 50Q pickup threshold, and the element may mistakenly operate during the grid restoration period, even after the grid disturbance is cleared.
For example, the inverter dynamics during the restoration period can be affected by blocking and de-blocking functions in response to the low-voltage dynamics during fault conditions [ 9, 10 ].
It was found that solar inverters can act as negative-sequence sources to inject negative-sequence currents into the grid during the restoration period. The negative-sequence current can be affected by different operating conditions such as the number of inverters in service, grid strength, and grid fault types.
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